Choices: making informed choices

Know Your Chances

This book has been shown in two randomized trials to improve peoples' understanding of risk in the context of health care choices.

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Sunn Skepsis

Denne portalen er ment å gi deg som pasient råd om kvalitetskriterier for helseinformasjon og tilgang til forskningsbasert informasjon.

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Julia Belluz – Lessons from the trenches of evidence-based health journalism at Vox.com

20-minute talk by Julia Belluz on the need to bring the cultures of health journalism and EBM together.

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Battling bad science

15-min talk by Ben Goldacre on ways evidence can be distorted.

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English National Curriculum vs Key Concepts – Key Stage 3

A linked spreadsheet showing how the Key Concepts map to the Science National Curriculum in England at Key Stage 3 (ages 11-14).

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The surrogate battle – is lower always better?

James McCormick recruits a furious Fuhrer to point out that taking drugs to lower surrogate measures of ill health is a confidence trick.

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Teach Yourself Cochrane

Tells the story behind Cochrane and the challenges finding good quality evidence to produce reliable systematic reviews.

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Building evidence into education

Ben Goldacre explains why appropriate infrastructure is need to do clinical trials of sufficient rigour and size to yield reliable results.

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Anecdotes are great – if they convey data accurately

Ben Goldacre gives examples of how conclusions based on anecdotes and biased research can be damagingly misleading.

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Unsubstantiated and overstated claims of efficacy

A 32-slide presentation on misleading advertisements and FDA warnings prepared by PharmedOut.

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Introduction to Evidence-Based Medicine

Bill Caley’s 26 slides with notes used as an ‘Introduction to Evidence-Based Medicine’.

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Applying evidence to patients

A 27-minute talk on ‘Applying Evidence to Patients’, illustrated by 17 slides, with notes.

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Defining clinical questions

An 8-min talk on ‘Defining Clinical Questions’ illustrated by 10 slides, with notes.

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Applying the evidence

Six key slides produced by the University of Western Australia on applying evidence in practice.

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Appraising the evidence

Six key slides produced by the University of Western Australia to introduce critical appraisal.

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Not all scientific studies are created equally

David Schwartz dissects two types of studies that scientists use, illuminating why you should always approach claims with a critical eye.

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Applying the results of trials and systematic reviews to individual patients

Paul Glasziou uses 28 slides to address ‘Applying the results of trials and systematic reviews to individual patients’.

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Making the most of the evidence in education

A pamphlet to guide people using research evidence when deliberating about educational policies.

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Tipsheet for reporting on drugs, devices and medical technologies

Questions that will be familiar to reporters covering health and medicine.

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Tips for understanding Non-inferiority Trials

A non-inferiority experiment endeavours to show that a new intervention is ‘not unacceptably worse’ than the comparison intervention.

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GenerationR – The importance of involving children and young people in research

3/3, 22-min video at the launch of GenerationR, a network of young people who advise researchers.

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Generation R – The need to reduce waste in clinical research involving children

1/3, 14-min video at the launch of GenerationR, a network of young people who advise researchers.

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Preclinical animal studies: bad experiments cost lives

This blog notes that few therapies that treat disease in animals successfully translate into effective treatments for humans.

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Surrogate Endpoints in EBM: What are the benefits and dangers?

What are surrogate outcomes, their pros and cons, and why you should be cautious in extrapolating from them to clinical decisions.

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Balancing Benefits and harms

A blog explaining what is meant by ‘benefits’ and ‘harms’ in the context of healthcare interventions, and the importance of balancing them.

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Surrogate endpoints: pitfalls of easier questions

A blog explaining what surrogate endpoints are and why they should be interpreted cautiously.

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Making sense of randomized trials

A description of how clinical trials are constructed and analysed to ensure they provide fair comparisons of treatments.

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Making sense of results – CASP

This module introduces the key concepts required to make sense of statistical information presented in research papers.

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Toma de Decisiones Compartidas

¿Por qué nosotros, los pacientes, debemos participar en la toma de decisiones médicas importantes?

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Using the results of up-to-date systematic reviews of research

Trustworthy evidence from research is necessary, but not sufficient, to improve the quality of health care.

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Surrogate markers may not tell the whole story

A webpage explaining the limitations of using surrogate outcome markers in clinical research.

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Testing Treatments

Testing Treatments is a book to help the public understand why fair tests of treatments are needed, what they are, and how to use them.

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Effectiveness Delusions

Cherry picking the results of people in sub-groups can be misleading.

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Cecil and those pellets again…

If possible, participants in clinical trials should not know which treatment they are receiving.

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Catch 22 – clinical trials edition

Fair comparisons of treatments in animals or highly selected groups of people may not be relevant.

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Composite Outcomes

Fair comparisons of treatments should measure important outcomes and avoid dependence on surrogate outcome measures.

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Biomarkers unlimited

Fair comparisons of treatments should measure important outcomes and avoid dependence on surrogate outcome measures.

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Does it work?

People with vested interests may use misleading statistics to support claims about the efects of new treatments.

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Introduction to clinical trials: lay-friendly video

This lay-friendly video introduction to clinical trials was created by the European Communication on Research Awareness Needs Project.

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Testing Treatments Audio Book

The Testing Treatments Audiobook enables visitors to the TTi site to select whichever chapters in the book they would like to listen to.

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Methodology of clinical trials

Eurordis training on the methodology of clinical trials for representatives of patients’ organisations.

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How to read articles about healthcare

This article 'How to read health news behind the headlines', by Dr Alicia White, explains how to assess health claims in the media.

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Can measurements show if a treatment works?

An article discussing errors to avoid when testing treatments.

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Animal and Lab studies

A webpage explaining how results from animal studies may not be transferable to humans.

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Be careful with composites

Kevin Lomangino's article discusses the limitations of composite outcomes and surrogate markers.

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Disease outcomes vs. patient-relevant outcomes

An e-Learning module consisting of 3 slides and 2-min commentary on why it is important to treat patients, not numbers from tests.

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Viva la Evidence!

A brilliant song and video by James McCormack explaining the basics of evidence-based medicine.

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Evidence Based Medicine Matters: Examples of where EBM has benefitted patients

Booklet containing 15 examples submitted by Royal Colleges where Evidence-Based Medicine has benefited clinical practice.

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Some Studies That I Like to Quote

This short music video encourages health professionals to use evidence to help reach treatment decisions in partnership with patients.

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Shared Decision-Making

This resource from the Health Foundation shows how shared decision-making can be made to work in a typical consultation.

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On taking a good look at ourselves

Iain Chalmers talks about failings in scientific research that lead to avoidable harm to patients and waste of resources.

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Communicating with patients on evidence

This discussion paper from the US Institute of Medicine provides guidance on communicating evidence to patients.

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Involving citizens to improve healthcare

‘The confluence of interest between advocacy groups, those who sell treatments, and those who prescribe them makes for a potent […]

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Lay people help to rethink AIDS

‘Credibility struggles in the AIDS arena have been multilateral: they have involved an unusually wide range of players. And the […]

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A key partnership

‘People-focused research in the NHS simply cannot be delivered without the involvement of patients and the public. No matter how […]

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Patients’ choice: David and Goliath

‘Who has the power to see that research questions actually address the greatest needs of patients in all their misery […]

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Psoriasis patients poorly served by research

‘Few trials involved comparison of different options or looked at long-term management. The duration of studies is unconvincingly brief in […]

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تصمیم‌گیرانی که موضوع مطالعه را مشخص می‌کنند

این وضعیت رضایت‌بخش نیست، اما چگونه این اتفاق رخ داده است؟ یکی از دلایل این است که آنچه محققان مطالعه […]

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پرسش‌های مهم برای بیماران

پژوهشگران پرسشی بنیادی را در بریستول (یکی از شهرهای انگلستان) مطرح کردند: «پرسش‌های مهم برای بیماران مبتلا به استئوآرتریت زانو […]

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سکتهٔ مغزی

مثال دیگری از پژوهش غیرضروری- به این دلیل که نتایج مطالعات قبلی با هم گردآوری و تحلیل نشده‌ بودند- به […]

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بی‌حسی اپیدورال برای زایمان

اهمیت ارزیابی نتایجی که برای بیماران مهم است با کارآزمایی‌های اولیهٔ به‌کارگیری بیحسی اپیدورال حین زایمان طبیعی جهت کاهش درد […]

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What research regulation should do

‘If ethicists and others want something to criticise in clinical trials, they should look at scientifically inadequate work, reinvention of […]

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A commonsense approach to informed consent in good medical practice

‘What is missing in the debate surrounding informed consent is the true nature of patient understanding, what information patients want […]

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Rethinking informed consent

‘[Some] have come to suspect that informed consent is not fundamental to good biomedical practice, and . . . attempts […]

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آنچه در سیستم‌های نظارتی انجام نمی‌شود

اگرچه سیستم‌های نظارت بر پژوهش، پیش از آغاز مطالعات الزامات دشواری را برای پژوهشگران تعیین می‌کنند، در بیشتر موارد در […]

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اطلاعات و رضایت

الزامات مربوط به ارائهٔ اطلاعات و رضایت افراد برای شرکت در پژوهش یکی از روش‌های سیستم نظارتی است که به‌جای […]

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What does “statistically significant” mean?

‘To be honest, it’s a tricky idea. It can tell us if the difference between a drug and a placebo […]

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«تفاوت معنی‌دار بین درمان‌ها» چه معنایی دارد؟

این پرسش گمراه‌کننده است؛ زیرا «تفاوت معنا‌دار»، می‌تواند معانی مختلفی داشته باشد. ممکن است به معنای تفاوت مهم برای بیمار […]

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توجه به عدم قطعیت‌ها دربارهٔ تأثیرات درمان‌ها

گام بعدی این است که پزشکان باید بهترین شواهد را دربارهٔ یک درمان، برگرفته از تجربه‌های جمعی و مرورهای نظام‌مند […]

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زمانی که پزشکان مخالف هستند

در این زیرفصل: مقدمه (همین صفحه) استفاده از کافئین برای مشکلات تنفسی در نوزادان نارس استفاده از آنتی‌بیوتیک‌ها در زایمان […]

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هرسپتین (Herceptin)

شرکت‌های تجاری در اعلام مزایای درمان‌های جدید، همراه با کم‌اهمیت جلوه‌دادن مشکلات تنها نیستند. پوشش‌های رسانه‌ای حرفه‌ای نیز می‌توانند اغراق‌آمیز […]

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